Sooner than I imagined I was landing in Berlin. I must confess that some tears rolled down on my face. It was like a miracle. I know it may sound ridiculous to some people, but I am glad that things like that still touch me deeply.
I was so happy to see Sandra Polchow waiting for me. Thank you again, Sandra.
She took me straight to the Brandemburg Gate.
The Brandenburg Gate is one of the major historical landmarks in Berlin. This is a little history from wikipedia about this famous gate and its significance. The gate has played varying roles in Germany’s history. First, Napoleon took the Quadriga to Paris in 1806 after conquering Berlin. When it returned to Berlin in 1814, the statue exchanged her olive wreath for the Iron Cross and became the goddess of victory.
When the Nazis rose to power, they used the gate to symbolize their power. The only structure left standing in the ruins of Pariser Platz in 1945, apart from the ruined Academy of Fine Arts, the gate was restored by the East Berlin and West Berlin governments. However, in 1961, the gate was closed when the Berlin Wall was built. Another way you would know about the landmark is through Ronald Reagen, because he said “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” while he was giving a speech at the Brandenburg Gate:
This actor illustrates the way people were checked to cross the border during the Cold War.
It is hard to be a tourist. I know we need time, I mean at least a year to see and feel a place the way it deserves and still is going to be our personal experience. There are definetely several cities in one and yet time makes all the difference, as well. What can we do? That´s why I give up and sometimes the only thing I take from a particular place I visit, is just a few moments of interaction with the locals. This is one the most important things I gain from travelling.
It is hard to be a tourist. I know we need time, I mean at least a year to see and feel a place the way it deserves and still is going to be our personal experience. There are definetely several cities in one and yet time makes all the difference, as well. What can we do? That´s why I give up and sometimes the only thing I take from a particular place I visit, is just a few moments of interaction with the locals. This is one the most important things I gain from travelling.
I have copied this from Wikipidia to bring you precise information.
Unter den Linden ("under the linden trees") is a boulevard in the Mitte district of Berlin, the capital of Germany. It is named for its linden (lime in British English) trees that line the grassed pedestrian mall between two carriageways.
Unter den Linden, which sits at the heart of the historic section of Berlin, developed from a bridle path laid out by Elector John George of Brandenburg in the 16th century to reach his hunting grounds in the Tiergarten. It was replaced by a boulevard of linden trees planted in 1647, extending from the city palace to the gates of the city, by order of the “Great Elector” Frederick William. While the western part of the boulevard retained its character, the area around present-day Bebelplatz was integrated into the fortification of Berlin in the aftermath of the Thirty Years' War, visible until today as there are no trees.
By the 19th century, as Berlin grew and expanded to the west, Unter den Linden became the best-known and grandest street in Berlin. In 1851 the famous equestrian statue of King Frederick II of Prussia was erected on the centre strip, designed by Christian Daniel Rauch. In the course of the building of the Nord-Süd-Tunnel for the Berlin S-Bahn in 1934–35, most of the linden trees were cut down and during the last days of World War II the remaining trees were destroyed or cut down for firewood. The present-day linden were replanted in the 1950s;[citation needed] they are affected by air pollution as well as by soil contamination.
We reached Pfefferbett Hostel late afternoon. The Pfefferberg, a historical brewery complex and multi-faceted cultural center with galleries, studios, clubs, restaurants and a beer garden is located in Berlin´s scene district Prenzlauer Berg, famous for its countless bars, clubs, cafés and shops.
Another special thing about this hostel is that it is a non-profit organization which promotes integration and provides jobs for disabled people. Check them out! www.pfefferbett.de
This is Mariana, a Brazilian woman from Niteroi, who shared the dorm with me. Thanks for the company, Mariana. It was nice to meet a Brazilian on my first day. There is something about Brazilians in general, that make you feel like family when you are far away from home.
It took me a little while to find myself and get ready. So, we finally got to this restaurant for dinner quite late. Sorry, Sandra. The dinner was excellent, though..
After dinner we went next door for a beer. Prost!! Cheers!! Saúde!! Salut!!! In all languages, it tastes great!!
As you can see, after Sandra left, I stayed at the bar talking to the guys from the hostel for a bit.
The next day I was able to enjoy this great breakfast.
The next day, Sandra picked me up to go to a tour to the Reichstag.
Again I have been copying from Wikipidia in order to pass trustable information.
The Reichstag building (German: Reichstagsgebäude; officially: Plenarbereich Reichstagsgebäude) is an historical edifice in Berlin, Germany, constructed to house theReichstag, parliament of the German Empire. It was opened in 1894 and housed theReichstag until 1933, when it was severely damaged in a fire. After World War II, the building fell into disuse; the parliament (Volkskammer) of the German Democratic Republic met in the Palast der Republik in East Berlin, while the parliament (Bundestag) of the Federal Republic of Germany met in the Bundeshaus in Bonn.
The ruined building was made safe against the elements and partially refurbished in the 1960s, but no attempt at full restoration was made until after German reunification on October 3, 1990, when it underwent a reconstruction led by internationally renowned architect Norman Foster. After its completion in 1999, it once again became the meeting place of the German parliament: the modern Bundestag.
The term Reichstag, when used to connote a parliament, dates back to the Holy Roman Empire. The building was built for the Reichstag of the German Empire, which was succeeded by the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic. The latter devolved into theReichstag of Nazi Germany, which left the building (and ceased to act as a parliament) after the 1933 fire and never returned; the term Reichstag has not been used by German parliaments since World War II. In today's usage, the German word Reichstag refers mainly to the building, while Bundestag refers to the institution.
History of the building
Construction of the building began well after the unification of Germany in 1871. Previously, the parliament had assembled in several other buildings in Leipziger Straße in Berlin but these were generally considered too small, so in 1872 an architectural contest with 103 participating architects was carried out to erect a new building. After a short survey of possible sites, a parliamentary committee recommended the east side of the Königsplatz(today, Platz der Republik), which however was occupied by the derelict palace of a Polish-Prussian aristsocrat, Athanasius Raczyński.
Work did not start until ten years later though, owing to various problems with purchasing the property and arguments between Wilhelm I, Otto von Bismarck, and the members of the Reichstag about how the construction should be performed. After lengthy negotiations, the Raczyński Palace was purchased and demolished, making way for the new building.
In 1882, another architectural contest was held, with 200 architects participating. This time the winner, the Frankfurt architect Paul Wallot, would actually see his Neo-Baroque project executed. Decorative sculptures, reliefs, and inscriptions were by sculptor Otto Lessing. On 29 June 1884, the foundation stone was finally laid by Wilhelm I, at the east side of the Königsplatz]]. Before construction was completed in 1894, Wilhelm I died (in 1888, the Year of Three Emperors). His eventual successor, Wilhelm II, took a more jaundiced view of parliamentary democracy than his grandfather. The original building was acclaimed for the construction of an original cupola of steel and glass, considered an engineering feat at the time. But its mixture of architectural styles drew widespread criticism. [1]
In 1916 the iconic words Dem Deutschen Volke ("[To] the German people") were carved above the main façade of the building, much to the displeasure of Wilhelm II who had tried to block the adding of the inscription for its democratic significance. After World War I had ended and Wilhelm had abdicated, during the revolutionary days of 1918, Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed the institution of a republic from one of the balconies of theReichstag building on 9 November. The building continued to be the seat of the parliament of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933), which was still called the Reichstag.
[edit]Third Reich
The building caught fire on 27 February 1933, under circumstances still not entirely known (see Reichstag fire). This gave a pretext for the Nazis to suspend most rights provided for by the 1919 Weimar Constitution in the Reichstag Fire Decree in an effort to weed out communists and increase state security throughout Germany.
During the 12 years of National Socialist rule, the Reichstag building was not used for parliamentary sessions. Instead, the few times where the Reichstag convened at all, it did so in the Krolloper building, a former opera house opposite the Reichstag building. This applies as well to the session of 23 March 1933, in which the Reichstag disposed of its powers in favour of the Nazi government in the Enabling Act, another step in the so-called Gleichschaltung ("coordination"). The building (which was unusable after the fire) was instead used for propaganda presentations and, during World War II, for military purposes. It was also considered for conversion to a flak tower but was found to be structurally unsuitable.
The building, having never been fully repaired since the fire, was further damaged by air raids. During the Battle of Berlin in 1945, it became one of the central targets for the Red Army to capture due to its perceived symbolic significance. Today, visitors to the building can still see Soviet graffiti on smoky walls inside as well as on part of the roof, which was preserved during the reconstructions after reunification.
[edit]Cold War
When the Cold War emerged, the building was physically within West Berlin, but only a few metres from the border of East Berlin, which ran around the back of the building and in 1961 was closed by the Berlin Wall. During the Berlin blockade, an enormous number of West Berliners assembled before the building on 9 September 1948, and Mayor Ernst Reuter held a famous speech that ended with the call, Ihr Völker der Welt, schaut auf diese Stadt! (You peoples of the world, look upon this city!)
After the war, the building was essentially a ruin. In addition, there was no real use for it, since the capital of West Germany had been established in Bonn in 1949. Still, in 1956, after some debate, it was decided that the Reichstag should not be torn down, but be restored instead. However, the cupola of the original building, which had also been heavily damaged in the war, was demolished. Another architectural contest was held, and the winner, Paul Baumgarten, reconstructed the building from 1961–1964.
The artistic and practical value of his work was the subject of much debate after German reunification. Under the provisions set forth for Berlin by the Allies in the 1971 Four Power Agreement on Berlin, the Bundestag, the parliament of West Germany of that time, was not allowed to assemble formally in West Berlin (even though East Germany was in violation of this provision since it had declared East Berlin its capital). Until 1990, the building was thus used only for occasional representative meetings, and one-off events. It was also used for a widely lauded permanent exhibition about German history called Fragen an die deutsche Geschichte (Questions on German history).
[edit]Reunification
The official German reunification ceremony on 3 October 1990, was held at the Reichstag building, including Chancellor Helmut Kohl,President Richard von Weizsäcker, former Chancellor Willy Brandt and many others. The event included huge firework displays[citation needed]. One day later, the parliament of the united Germany would assemble in an act of symbolism in the Reichstagbuilding.
However, at that time, the role of Berlin had not yet been decided upon. Only after a fierce debate, considered by many as one of the most memorable sessions of parliament, did the Bundestag conclude, on 20 June 1991, with quite a slim majority in favour of both government and parliament returning to Berlin from Bonn.
In 1992, Norman Foster won yet another architectural contest for the reconstruction of the building. His winning concept looked very different from what was later executed. Notably, the original design did not include a cupola.
Before reconstruction began, the Reichstag was wrapped by the Bulgarian-American artist Christo and his wife Jeanne-Claude in 1995, attracting millions of visitors.[2] The project was financed by the artists through the sale of preparatory drawings and collages, as well as early works of the 1950s and 1960s.
During the reconstruction, the building was first almost completely gutted, taking out everything except the outer walls, including all changes made by Baumgarten in the 1960s. Respect for the historic aspects of the building was one of the conditions stipulated to the architects, so traces of historical events were to be retained in a visible state. Among them were graffiti left by Soviet soldiers after the final battle for Berlin in April–May 1945. Written in Cyrillic script, they include such slogans as “Hitler kaputt” and names of individual soldiers. However, graffiti with racist or sexist themes were removed, in agreement with Russian diplomats at the time.
The reconstruction was completed in 1999, with the Bundestag convening there officially for the first time on 19 April of that year.[3] The Reichstag is now the second most visited attraction in Germany, not least because of the huge glass dome that was erected on the roof as a gesture to the original 1894 cupola, giving an impressive view over the city, especially at night.
View of the Berlin TV Tower. Unfortunately, I never made it there. Next time I want to visit its bar and 360 degree restaurant as I hear it has a view of up to 80 km in all directions.
Equal opportunities for all workers. This is what I was told it meant.
Clicks from the Reichstag tour.
This was taken after the tour, on July 22nd, a Sunday. After this marvelous lunch at Sandra´s neighborhood, I went to visit the Mauerpark, near the hostel.
I took a long stroll in the park, listening to the karaoke shows and taking a look at the flea market as well.
I have also pulled this information from wikipedia about the park. I have found interesting.
Mauerpark
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mauerpark is a public park in Berlin's Prenzlauer Berg district. The name translates to "Wall Park", referring to its status as a former part of the Berlin Wall and its Death Strip. The park is located at the border of Prenzlauer Berg and Gesundbrunnen district of former West Berlin.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Old Nordbahnhof
Main article: Berlin Old Nordbahnhof
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Mauerpark area served as the location of the Old Nordbahnhof ("Northern Railway Station"),[1] the southern terminus of the Prussian Northern Railway opened in 1877-78, which connected Berlin with the city of Stralsund and the Baltic Sea. Soon after it lost its role as a passenger station to the nearby Stettiner Bahnhof and remained in use as a freight yard. In 1950 the Stettiner Bahnhof took the name Nordbahnhof because of its role in Berlin's public transportation system, and the Old Nordbahnhof became known as Güterbahnhof Eberswalder Straße. It was finally closed after the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961.
When viewed from above, one can still see remains of the railroad tracks running towards the former station from the Ringbahn.
[edit]Berlin divided
In 1946, through the division of Berlin into four occupation zones, the land of the Old Nordbahnhof stretching from Bernauer Straße toKopenhagener Straße was split between the French and Soviet sectors. After the building of the Berlin Wall, the land was included into the heavily guarded Death Strip with walls on either side. One of the viewing platforms, from which West Berlin residents could look over the wall into East Berlin, stood at this location. The remaining western part of the station was turned into a storehouse and commercial area.
An interesting aspect and a problem for the East German guards was the fact that the anterior part of the Wall strip was located on the steep embankment of the former railway tracks at a higher elevation than the adjacent area in the west. Yet in 1988, the East Berlin authorities concluded an agreement with the West to acquire a strip of land at the bottom of the hill to set up a more efficient border.
[edit]Mauerpark
After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the former death strip was designated as a public space and one of several green spaces in the city by local residents. With a contribution of DM 4.5 million from the Allianz environmental fund, the park was built on the eastern half of the former train station. However, the western half, which still belonged to theBundeseisenbahnvermögen real estate association, remained a trade area and since 2004 has served as the location for a flea market next to the park. Several attempts to attach the western part to the green space have so far failed.
Today the park is one of the most popular places for young residents of Berlin, especially from the fashionable district of Prenzlauer Berg, and attracts basketball players, jugglers, musicians, and many other types of people. It is a crowded leisure ground and a site of sustainable improvised nightlife, especially in the summer, and has also become notorious for Walpurgis Night riots in recent years. There are two stadiums next to the park, including Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Sportpark and Max Schmeling Halle, home to several of Berlin's local sports teams.[2]
A 30m strip of the Berlin Wall still stands in the park today as a monument, and is a popular place for graffiti artists to paint and display their work.
[edit]Culture
[edit]Bearpit Karaoke Show
A stone circular stage area with surrounding amphitheatre is situated on the hillside directly across from the park's basketball court. In late February 2009 an informal karaoke show took place there for the first time. Weather permitting, the "Bearpit Karaoke Show" at the amphitheatre has continued each year since then to be a regular fixture in the park on Sunday afternoons, with it possible to visit the shows from spring through to late autumn[3].
Rapidly becoming a Berlin institution, every Sunday afternoon thousands of people make their way. If the crowd love you, they will sing and cheer along and you'll feel like a star; if they think you're rubbish, prepare to be booed[4].
I walked back to the hostel before it got dark. Was afraid it would get too cold for my Brazilian skin!
Just made some clicks of the neighborhood on my way back.
I even found a Brazilian waxing studio. Couldn´t help. Had to take some pics ! 
This was my U Station. The Pfefferbett hostel is just two blocks away, on ChristinenstraBe.
It was nice to be back at the hostel. I decided to just stay there for dinner. Ordered a lasagna and had it at the bar counter and ate it while chatting with the hostel attendant, Johannes. Thanks again, Johannes.
I tried a variety of beer brands and then played a pool game with Johannes and other cool guests from the hostel. 
Thanks for the pictures. This was a fun night. I felt like I met a lot of characters, maybe from my next film!
The next morning I met this very nice Italian girl. We had a very long talk and then went to have lunch together and went to the East Gallery together as well. Thanks again for the company!
On our way to the East Gallery. I made this pic as it surprised me to see all the variety of sandwiches in a subway station, specially. There is nothing like it in São Paulo.
The Oberbaumbridge. Every place in Berlin is History. I will definetely come back here.
Oberbaum Bridge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Oberbaum Bridge (German: Oberbaumbrücke) is a double-deck bridge crossingBerlin's River Spree, considered one of the city landmarks. It links Friedrichshain andKreuzberg, former boroughs that were divided by the Berlin Wall, and has become an important symbol of Berlin’s unity.
The lower deck of the bridge carries a roadway, which connects Oberbaum Straße to the south of the river with Warschauer Straße to the north. The upper deck of the bridge carriesBerlin U-Bahn line U1, between Schlesisches Tor and Warschauer Straße stations.
The bridge appears prominently in the 1998 film Run Lola Run.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]History
The bridge is built on the former boundary of the municipal area with its rural environs, where anexcise wall was built in 1732. A wooden drawbridge was built as part of the wall; it served as a gate to the city. The name Oberbaumbrücke stemmed from the heavy tree trunk, covered in metal spikes, that was used as a boom to block the river at night to prevent smuggling. (Baummeans tree or wooden beam in German; thus the name means something like "Upper [Upstream] Tree Bridge"; there was another tree-trunk barrier at the western end of the contemporary city limits, close to today's Unterbaumstraße (lit. in English: Lower [Downstream] Tree Street.)
By 1879 the wooden bridge had been modified greatly. At 154 meters it was Berlin's longest, but was no longer adequate to the amount of traffic crossing it. Plans began to be drawn up for a new stone construction. The Siemens & Halske company, which was planning to build theBerlin U-Bahn (subway), insisted on a combined crossing for road vehicles, pedestrians, and the new rail line. The new bridge opened in 1896 after two years of construction, in time for theBerlin Trades Exhibition. The architect and government official Otto Stahn (1859-1930) designed it in North German Brick Gothic, in the style of a city gate with many decorative elements, such as pointed arches, cross vaults, and coats of arms. The two towers were inspired by the Middle Gate Tower (Mitteltorturm) in the northern Brandenburg city of Prenzlau. Although purely cosmetic, they served as a reminder that the site was once Berlin’s river gateway.
In 1902 the first segment of the U-Bahn opened. Its inaugural journey, carrying 19 passengers, ran from Stralauer Thor, at the eastern end of the bridge, to Potsdamer Platz. Stralauer Thor was dismantled after being damaged in a 1945 air raid, but its four sandstone-clad support posts can still be seen.
After Berlin absorbed several other municipalities in 1920, the Oberbaum Bridge became the crossing between the new boroughs ofFriedrichshain and Kreuzberg. In April 1945 the Wehrmacht blew up the middle section of the bridge in an attempt to stop the Red Armyfrom crossing it. After the war ended, Berlin was divided into four sectors. The Oberbaum Bridge crossed between the American and Soviet sectors. Until the mid-1950s, pedestrians, motor vehicles, and the city tramway were able to cross the bridge without difficulty.
[edit]Border crossing
When the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 the bridge became part of East Berlin's border with West Berlin; as all the waters of the River Spree were in Friedrichshain, the East German fortifications extended to the shoreline on the Kreuzberg side. The West BerlinU-Bahn line was forced to terminate at Schlesisches Tor. Beginning on 21 December 1963, the Oberbaum Bridge was used as a pedestrian border crossing for West Berlin residents only.
After the opening of the Wall in 1989, and German reunification the following year, the bridge was restored to its former appearance, albeit with a new steel middle section designed by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. It opened to pedestrians and traffic on 9 November 1994, the fifth anniversary of the opening of the Berlin Wall. The U-Bahn line to Warschauer Straße station was reopened a year later. Since 1997, aneon installation entitled "Stone - Paper - Scissors" by Thorsten Goldberg has adorned the bridge. Its two elements are engaged in a constant game of rock, paper, scissors, suggesting the arbitrariness of immigration decisions, both during the Cold War and for today's asylum seekers and poverty migrants.
Since 1999, the traditional rivalry between the traditionally left-leaning boroughs Kreuzberg and Friedrichshain is played out in the annual "water battle", where residents from both areas, organized in groups with satirical names such as "Anarcho-Cynical Offensive Berlin - Friedrichshain Faction" or "Kreuzberg Landwehr" pelt each other with rotten vegetables, jello, eggs, flour and water and try to symbolically "reconquer" the "renegade" other borough (Friedrichshain being mockingly referred to as "East Kreuzberg" and Kreuzberg as "Lower Friedrichshain") by driving their participants from the bridge. Due to their higher turnout and the superior "armament" (including home-built water cannons), the Friedrichshain detachments have won the water battle on a regular basis.
With the creation of the unified Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough in 2001, the Oberbaum Bridge no longer crosses a jurisdictional boundary.
A little from the East Side Gallery
East Side Gallery
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| East Side Gallery | |
|---|---|
| Established | 1990 |
| Location | Mühlenstrasse Berlin, Germany |
| Type | Art gallery |
The East Side Gallery is an international memorial for freedom. It is a 1.3 km long section of the Berlin Wall located near the centre of Berlin on Mühlenstraße in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Description
The Gallery consists of 105 paintings by artists from all over the world, painted in 1990 on the east side of the Berlin Wall. The East Side Gallery was founded following the successful merger of the two German artists' associations VBK and BBK. The founding members were the speche of the Federal Association of Artists BBK Bodo Sperling, Barbara Greul Aschanta, Jörg Kubitzki and David Monti.[1][2]
It is possibly the largest and longest-lasting open air gallery in the world. Paintings from Jürgen Grosse alias INDIANO, Dimitri Vrubel, Siegfrid Santoni, Bodo Sperling, Kasra Alavi, Kani Alavi, Jim Avignon, Thierry Noir, Ingeborg Blumenthal, Ignasi Blanch i Gisbert, Kim Prisu, Hervé Morlay VR and others have followed.
The paintings at the East Side Gallery document the time of change and express the euphoria and great hopes for a better and free future for all people of the world.
In July 2006, to facilitate access to the River Spree from O2 World, a 40 meter section was moved somewhat west, parallel to the original position[3]
[edit]Remediation
Two-thirds of the paintings are badly damaged by erosion, graffiti, and vandalism. One-third have been restored by a non-profit organization which started work in 2000. The objective of this organization is the eventual restoration and preservation of all the paintings. Full restoration, particularly of the central sections, was projected for 2008. Remediation began in May 2009.
The restoration process has been marked by major conflict. Eight of the artists of 1990 refused to paint their own images again after they were completely destroyed by the renovation. In order to defend the copyright, they founded "Founder Initiative East Side" with other artists whose images were simply copied without permission.[4] Bodo Sperling launched a test case in the Berlin State Court in May 2011, represented by the Munich art lawyer Hannes Hartung and with the support of the German VG Bild-Kunst. The Court will address the question of whether art should be listed as destroyed and then re-copied without the respective artists' permission. The outcome of the trial will be a landmark declaration for European art law.[5][6]
[edit]Artists
- Oskar: (Hans Bierbrauer)
- Narenda K. Jain: Die sieben Stufen der Erleuchtung
- Fulvio Pinna: Hymne an das Glück
- Kikue Miyatake: Paradise Out Of The Darkness
- Günther Schäfer: Vaterland
- Georg Lutz Rauschebart
- César Olhagaray: Ohne Titel
- Jens-Helge Dahmen: Pneumohumanoiden
- Gábor Simon: Space Magic
- Siegrid Müller-Holtz: Gemischte Gefühle
- Ursula Wünsch: Frieden für Alles
- Oliver Feind, Ulrike Zott: Ohne Titel
- Ana Leonor Rodriges
- Muriel Raoux, Kani Alavi: Ohne Titel
- Muriel Raoux: Les Yeux Ouverts
- Ditmar Reiter: Ohne Titel
- Santoni: Trilogie-Maschine Macht
- Bodo Sperling: The Trans-formation of the penta gram to a peace star in a big Europe without walls
- Barbara Greul Aschanta: Deutschland im November
- Willi Berger: Soli Deo Gloria
- André Sécrit, Karsten Thomas: Du hast gelernt, was Freiheit ist
- Theodor Chezlav Tezhik: The Big Kremlin's Wind
- Catrin Resch: Europas Frühling
- Irina Dubrowskaja: Die Wand muss weichen wenn der Meteorit der Liebe kommt
- Dmitri Wrubel: Mein Gott hilf mir, diese tödliche Liebe zu überleben
- Marc Engel: Marionetten eines abgesetzten Stücks
- Alexey Taranin: Ohne Titel
- Michail Serebrjakow: Diagonale Lösung des Problems
- Rosemarie Schinzler: Ohne Titel
- Rosemarie Schinzler: Wachsen lassen
- Christine Fuchs: How's God? She's Black
- Gerhard Lahr: Berlyn
- Karin Porath: Freiheit fängt innen an
- Lutz Pottien-Seiring: Ohne Titel
- Wjatschleslaw Schjachow: Die Masken
- Dmitri Vrubel: Danke, Andrej Sacharow
- Jeanett Kipka: Ohne Titel
- Gamil Gimajew: Ohne Titel
- Jürgen Große: Die Geburt der Kachinas
- Christopher Frank: Stay Free
- Andreas Paulun: Amour, Paix
- Kim Prisu (Joaquim A. Gocalves Borregana): Métamorphose des existences lié par un mobile indéfini
- Greta Csatlòs (Künstlergruppe Ciccolina): Sonic Malade
- Henry Schmidt: Vergesst mir die Liebe nicht
- Thomas Klingenstein: Umleitung in den japanischen Sektor
- Karsten Wenzel: Die Beständigkeit der Ignoranz
- Pierre-Paul Maillé: Ohne Titel
- Andy Weiß: Geist Reise
- Gabriel Heimler: Der Mauerspringer
- Salvadore de Fazio: Dawn of Peace
- Gerald Kriedner: Götterdämmerung
- Christos Koutsouras: Einfahrt Tag und Nacht freihalten
- Yvonne Onischke (geb. Matzat; Künstlername seit 2005 Yoni): Berlin bei Nacht
- Peter Peinzger: Ohne Titel
- Elisa Budzinski: Wer will, daß die Welt so bleibt, wie sie ist, der will nicht, daß sie bleibt
- Sabine Kunz: Ohne Titel
- Jay One (Jacky Ramier): Ohne Titel
- Klaus Niethardt: Justitia
- Mirta Domacinovic: Zeichen in der Reihe
- Patrizio Porrachia: Ohne Titel
- Ines Bayer, Raik Hönemann: Es gilt viele Mauern abzubauen
- Thierry Noir: Ohne Titel
- Teresa Casanueva: Ohne Titel
- Stephan Cacciatore: La Buerlinca
- Karina Bjerregaard, Lotte Haubart: Himlen over Berlin
- Christine Kühn: Touch the Wall
- Rodolfo Ricàlo: Vorsicht
- Birgit Kinder: Test the Rest
- Magaret Hunter, Peter Russell: Ohne Titel
- Peter Russell: Himmel und Sucher
- Magaret Hunter: Joint Venture
- Sándor Rácmolnár: Waiting for a New Prometheus
- Gábor Imre: Ohne Titel
- Pal Gerber: Sag, welche wunderbaren Träumen halten meinen Sinn umfangen
- Gábor Gerhes: Ohne Titel
- Sándor Györffy: Ohne Titel
- Gruppe Stellvertretende Durstende
- Laszlo Erkel (Kentaur): You can see Infinity
- Kani Alavi: Es geschah im November
- Jim Avignon: Miriam Butterfly, Tomas Fey: Doin it cool for the East Side
- Peter Lorenz: Ohne Titel
- Dieter Wien: Der Morgen
- Jacob Köhler: Lotus
- Carmen Leidner: Niemandsland
- Jens Hübner, Andreas Kämper: Ohne Titel
- Hans-Peter Dürhager, Ralf Jesse: Der müde Tod
- Jolly Kunjappu: Dancing to Freedom
- Susanne Kunjappu-Jellinek: Curriculum Vitae
- Mary Mackay: Tolerance
- Carsten Jost, Ulrike Steglich: Politik ist die Fortsetzung des Krieges mit anderen Mitteln
- Brigida Böttcher: Flora geht
- Ignasi Blanch i Gisbert: Parlo d'Amor
- Kiddy Cidny: Ger-Mania
- Petra Suntinger, Roland Gützlaff: Ohne Titel
- Andrej Smolak: Ohne Titel
- Youngram Kim-Holdfeld: Ohne Titel
- Karin Velmanns: Ohne Titel
- Rainer Jehle: Denk-Mal, Mahn-Mal
- Kamel Alavi: Ohne Titel
- Kasra Alavi: Flucht
- Ingeborg Blumenthal: Der Geist ist wie Spuren der Vögel am Himmel
- Youngram Kim
[edit]In Popular Media
- The gallery was seen in Wolfgang Becker's movie Goodbye, Lenin!
- The gallery was featured in the 5th leg of The Amazing Race 6.
- The gallery was featured in English indie/rock band Bloc Party's single Kreuzberg taken from the album A Weekend in the City
[edit]East Side Gallery Photos
[edit]References
- ^ East Side Gallery: Description MuseumStuff.com
- ^ Kunst unter wasserdampf art, Das Kunstmagazin, April 7, 2009
- ^ East Side Gallery Berlin Guide in English
- ^ Monument or Disneyland? FOCUS Online
- ^ East Side Gallery artists battle over rights and compensation Deutsche Welle, May 16, 2011
- ^ Berlin Wall artists sue city in copyright controversy The Guardian, May 3, 2011
[edit]Literature
- Mauerkatalog „East Side Gallery“. Oberbaum-Verlag, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-928254-02-2
[edit]External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: East Side Gallery |
- Artist Initiative East Side Gallery e.V. (official website)
- East Side Gallery (co-official website)
- Photos of all East Side Gallery paintings
- Virtual e-Tour East Side Gallery 2007
- Berlin Street Video along the East Side Gallery
- A visit to the East Side Gallery on MuseumChick
These were my next places to visit: the Jewish Museum and Checkpoint Charlie.
I spent close to four hours at the Jewish Museum and still wasn´t enoug. It is an amazing museum. Congratulations!
ewish Museum, Berlin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Jewish Museum Berlin (Jüdisches Museum Berlin) is one of the largest Jewish Museums in Europe. In two buildings, one of which is a new addition specifically built for the museum by architect Daniel Libeskind, two millennia of German Jewish history are on display in the permanent exhibition as well as in various changing exhibitions. German-Jewish history is documented in the collections, the library and the archive, in the computer terminals at the museum's Rafael Roth Learning Center, and is reflected in the museum's program of events. The museum opened to the public in 2001.
Princeton economist W. Michael Blumenthal, who was born in Oranienburg near Berlin and was later President Jimmy Carter’s Secretary of the Treasury, has been the director of the museum since December 1997.[1]
Contents[hide] |
[edit]History
The original Jewish Museum in Berlin was founded on Oranienburger Straße in 1933, but was closed soon thereafter, in 1938, by the Nazi regime. In 1975 an "Association for a Jewish Museum" formed and, three years lated, mounted an exhibition on Jewish history (1978). Soon thereafter, the Berlin Museum, which chronicled the city’s history, established a Jewish Department, but already, discussions about constructing a new museum dedicated to Jewish history in Berlin were being held.
In 1988, the Berlin government announced an anonymous competition for the new museum’s design. A year later, Daniel Libeskind's design was chosen by the committee for what was then planned as a “Jewish Department” for the Berlin Museum. While other entrants proposed cool, neutral spaces, Libeskind offered a radical, zigzag design, which earned the nickname 'Blitz'.[2]
Construction on the new extension to the Berlin Museum began in November 1992.[3] The empty museum was completed in 1999 and attracted over 350,000 people before it was filled and opened on September 9, 2001.[4]
[edit]Design
The museum adjoins the old Berlin Museum and sits on land that was West Berlin before the Berlin Wall fell.[5] The Museum itself, consisting of about 161,000 square feet (15,000 square meters), is a twisted zig-zag and is accessible only via an underground passage from the Berlin Museum's baroque wing. Its shape is reminiscent of a warped Star of David.[6] A "Void," an empty space about 66 feet (20 m) tall, slices linearly through the entire building. An irregular matrix of windows cuts in all orientations across the building's facade. A thin layer of zinc coats the building's exterior, which will oxidize and turn bluish as it weathers.
A second underground tunnel connects the Museum proper to the E.T.A. Hoffmann Garden, or The Garden of Exile, whose foundation is tilted. The Garden's oleaster grows out of reach, atop 49 tall pillars.
The final underground tunnel leads from the Museum to the HolocaustTower, a 79 foot (24 m) tall empty silo. The bare concrete Tower is neither heated nor cooled, and its only light comes from a small slit in its roof.
Similar to Libeskind’s first building, the Felix Nussbaum Haus, the museum consists of three spaces. All three of the underground tunnels, or "axes," intersect and may represent the connection between the three realities of Jewish life in Germany, as symbolized by each of the three spaces: Continuity with German history, Emigration from Germany, and the Holocaust.[7]
The Jewish Museum Berlin was Daniel Libeskind’s first major international success.
[edit]Inspiration
In his research for the project, Libeskind read the Gedenkbuch, or Memorial Book, which lists all the Jews murdered in the Holocaust. The report which he filed in the original design competition borrowed the form of the Gedenkbuch.
Libeskind, a musician himself, took inspiration from music and considered the museum the final act of Arnold Schoenberg's unfinished opera, Moses und Aron. Walter Benjamin's One Way Street's 60 sections determined the number of sections that comprise the museum's zigzag section.
[edit]Permanent exhibition
„Two Millennia of German Jewish History“ presents Germany through the eyes of the Jewish minority. The exhibition begins with displays on medieval settlements along the Rhine, in particular in Speyer, Worms and Mayence. The Baroque period is regarded through the lens of Glickl bas Judah Leib (1646–1724, also known as Glückl von Hameln), who left a diary detailing her life as a Jewish business woman in Hamburg. The intellectual and personal legacies of philosopher Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786) are next; both figures are flanked by depictions of Jews in court and country. The Age of Emancipation in the nineteenth century is represented as a time of optimism, achievement and prosperity, though setbacks and disappointments are displayed as well. German-Jewish soldiers fighting for their country in World War I stand at the beginning of the twentieth century. In the section on National Socialism, emphasis is placed on the ways in which Jews reacted to the increasing discrimination against them, such as founding Jewish schools and social services. After the Shoah, 250 000 survivors waited in “Displaced Persons” camps for the possibility to emigrate. At the same time, small Jewish communities in West and East were forming. The exhibition concludes with the migration to Germany of 200 000 Jews from the former Soviet Union, opening a new, as of yet unwritten, chapter of Jewish life in Germany.
[edit]Special exhibitions
Changing exhibitions present a broad range of themes, eras and genres. Notable exhibitions include How German is it? 30 Artists' Notion of Home (2011–2012), Kosher & Co: On Food and Religion (2009–2010), Looting and Restitution: Jewish-Owned Cultural Artifacts from 1933 to the Present (2008–2009), Typical: Clichés about Jews and Others (2008), Home and Exile (2006–2007), Chrismukkah: Stories of Christmas and Hanukkah (2005–2006), 10+5=God (2004), and Counterpoint: The Architecture of Daniel Libeskind (2003).[8]
[edit]Installation Shalekhet – Fallen leaves
10 000 faces punched out of steel are distributed on the ground of the “Memory Void,” the only “voided” space of the Libeskind Building that can be entered. Israeli artist Menashe Kadishman dedicated his artwork not only to Jews killed during the Shoah, but to all victims of violence and war. Visitors are invited to walk on the faces and listen to the sounds created by the metal sheets, as they clang and rattle against one-another.
[edit]Rafael Roth Learning Center
The Rafael Roth Learning Center on the underground level of the Libeskind-Building is a media lounge with computer terminals, offering stories, interviews, and in-depth explorations of objects designed to supplement exhibitions.
[edit]Collections and Archives
The Jewish Museum's collections date back to the 1970s, when the Association for a Jewish Museum formed. The first acquisitions were Jewish ceremonial artworks belonging to the Münster Cantor Zvi Sofer. Soon, fine art, photography and family memorabilia were acquired. Manuscripts and assorted documents are preserved in the Leo Baeck Institute Archive, housed in the museum building. The library comprises 60 000 media on Jewish life in Germany and abroad.
[edit]Images
_installation.jpg)
[edit]References
- ^ Jewish Museum Berlin. "W. Michael Blumenthal". Retrieved 2008-06-12.[dead link]
- ^ Breslau, Karen (February 3, 1992). "The New Face of Berlin". Newsweek. pp. 60–62.
- ^ Jewish Museum Berlin. "Preliminary History". Retrieved 2008-06-12.[dead link]
- ^ Jewish Museum Berlin. "A Perfectly Normal Museum?". Retrieved 2008-06-12.[dead link]
- ^ Berlin.de. "Berlin Wall Trail". Retrieved 2010-06-29.
- ^ Betsky, Aaron (1990). "Berlin's New Cutting Edge". Metropolitan Home. pp. 60–61.
- ^ Jewish Museum Berlin. "Groundplan". Retrieved 2008-06-12.[dead link]
- ^ "Jewish Museum Berlin - Special Exhibitions".
[edit]Further reading
- Daniel Libeskind - Jüdisches Museum Berlin, by Elke Dorner. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 3. Auflage 2006. (ISBN 3-7861-2532-5; German content)
- The Last Jews in Berlin, by Leonard Gross (ISBN 0-553-23653-9)
[edit]External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jüdisches Museum Berlin |
- Website of the museum
- Museum's youtube channel
- Global Directory of Jewish Museums
- Leo Baeck Institute New York
- detailed November 2001 review for Virtual Library Museums by Susannah Reid, University of Newcastle
- A Short Photographic Essay on the Museum
- Interview with Daniel Libeskind from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
And then went to Checkpoint Charlie. Unfortunately, I got there close to 10 p.m.
Checkpoint Charlie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A view of Checkpoint Charlie in 1963, from theme flew by. Sooner than I imagined I was landing in Berlin. I must confess that some tears rolled down on my face. It was like a miracle. I know it may sound ridiculous to some people, but I am glad that things like that still touch me deeply.
The Soviet Union prompted the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 to stop Eastern Bloc emigration westward through the Soviet border system, preventing escape across the city sector border from East Berlin to West Berlin. Checkpoint Charlie became a symbol of theCold War, representing the separation of east and west. Soviet and American tanks briefly faced each other at the location during theBerlin Crisis of 1961.
After the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc and the reunification of Germany, the building at Checkpoint Charlie became a tourist attraction. It is now located in the Allied Museum in the Dahlemneighborhood of Berlin.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Background
[edit]Emigration restrictions, the Inner German Border and Berlin
Further information: Eastern Bloc emigration and defection and Inner German border
By the early 1950s, the Soviet method of restricting emigration was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc, including East Germany.[1] However, in occupied Germany, until 1952, the lines between East Germany and the western occupied zones remained easily crossed in most places.[2] Consequently, the Inner German border between the two German states was closed and a barbed-wire fence erected.
Even after the closing of the Inner German border officially in 1952,[3] the city sector border in between East Berlin and West Berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers.[2] Accordingly, Berlin became the main route by which East Germans left for the West.[4] Hence the Berlin sector border was essentially a "loophole" through which Eastern Bloc citizens could still escape.[3]
The 3.5 million East Germans who had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20% of the entire East German population.[5] The emigrants tended to be young and well educated.[6] The loss was disproportionately great among professionals — engineers, technicians, physicians, teachers, lawyers and skilled workers.[5]
[edit]Berlin Wall constructed
Main articles: Eastern Bloc emigration and defection and Berlin Wall
The brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of East Germany that the re-securing of the Soviet imperial frontier was imperative.[7] Between 1949 and 1961, over 2½ million East Germans fled to the West.[8] The numbers increased during the three years before the Berlin Wall was erected,[8] with 144,000 in 1959, 199,000 in 1960 and 207,000 in the first seven months of 1961 alone.[8][9] The East German economy suffered accordingly.[9]
On August 13, 1961, a barbed-wire barrier that would become the Berlin Wall separating East and West Berlin was erected by the East Germans.[7] Two days later, police and army engineers began to construct a more permanent concrete wall.[10] Along with the wall, the 830 mile zonal border became 3.5 miles wide on its East German side in some parts of Germany with a tall steel-mesh fence running along a "death strip" bordered by bands of ploughed earth, to slow and to reveal the prints of those trying to escape, and mined fields.[11]
[edit]The checkpoint
 | This section does not cite anyreferences or sources. (June 2011) |
Checkpoint Charlie was a crossing point in theBerlin Wall located at the junction ofFriedrichstraße with Zimmerstraße andMauerstraße, (which for older historical reasons coincidentally means 'Wall Street'). It is in theFriedrichstadt neighborhood. Checkpoint Charlie was designated as the single crossing point (by foot or by car) for foreigners and members of the Allied forces. (Members of the Allied forces were not allowed to use the other sector crossing point designated for use by foreigners, theFriedrichstraße railway station).
The name Charlie came from the letter C in theNATO phonetic alphabet; similarly for other Allied checkpoints on the Autobahn from the West: Checkpoint Alpha at Helmstedt and its counterpart Checkpoint Bravo at Dreilinden, Wannsee in the south-west corner of Berlin. TheSoviets simply called it the Friedrichstraße Crossing Point (КПП Фридрихштрассе). TheEast Germans referred officially to Checkpoint Charlie as the Grenzübergangsstelle ("Border Crossing Point") Friedrich-/Zimmerstraße.
As the most visible Berlin Wall checkpoint, Checkpoint Charlie is frequently featured in spy movies and books. A famous cafe and viewing place for Allied officials, Armed Forces and visitors alike,Cafe Adler ("Eagle Café"), is situated right on the checkpoint. It was an excellent viewing point to look into East Berlin, while having something to eat and drink.
The checkpoint was curiously asymmetrical. During its 28-year active life, the infrastructure on the Eastern side was expanded to include not only the wall, watchtower and zig-zag barriers, but a multi-lane shed where cars and their occupants were checked. However the Allied authority never erected any permanent buildings, and made do with the well-known wooden shed, which was replaced during the 1980s by a larger metal structure, now displayed at the Allied Museum in western Berlin. Their reason was that they did not consider the inner Berlin sector boundary an international border and did not treat it as such.
[edit]Related Incidents
[edit]Stand-off between Soviet and US tanks in October 1961
Soon after the construction of the Berlin Wall, a standoff occurred between U.S. and Soviet tanks on either side of Checkpoint Charlie. It began on 22 October as a dispute over whether East German guards were authorized to examine the travel documents of a U.S. diplomat named Allan Lightner passing through to East Berlin to see the opera. By October 27, 10 Soviet and an equal number of American tanks stood 100 metres apart on either side of the checkpoint. The standoff ended peacefully on October 28 following a US-Soviet understanding to withdraw tanks. Discussions between US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and KGB spy Georgi Bolshakov played a vital role in realizing this tacit agreement.[12]
[edit]Early escapes
The Berlin Wall was erected with great efficiency by the East German government in 1961, but naturally there were many means of escape that had not been anticipated. Checkpoint Charlie was initially blocked only by a gate; a citizen of the GDR (East Germany) smashed a car through it to escape, so a strong pole was erected. Another escapee approached the barrier in a convertible, took the windscreen down at the last moment and slipped under the barrier. This was repeated two weeks later, so the East Germans duly lowered the barrier and added uprights.
[edit]Death of Peter Fechter
On 17 August 1962, a teenaged East German, Peter Fechter, was shot in the pelvis by East German guards while trying to escape from East Berlin. His body lay tangled in a barbed wire fence, bleeding to death, in full view of the world’s media. American soldiers could not rescue him because he was a few metres inside the Soviet sector. East German border guards were reluctant to approach him for fear of provoking Western soldiers, one of whom had shot an East German border guard just days earlier. More than an hour later Fechter’s body was removed by the East German guards. A spontaneous demonstration formed on the American side of the checkpoint, protesting the action of the East and the inaction of the West. A few days later, the crowd stoned Soviet buses driving towards the Soviet War Memorial, located in the Tiergarten in the British sector. The Soviets tried to escort the buses with Armored Personnel Carriers(APCs). Thereafter, the Soviets were only allowed to cross via the Sandkrug Bridge crossing (which was the nearest to Tiergarten) and were prohibited from bringing APCs. Western units were deployed in the middle of the night in early September with live armaments and vehicles, in order to enforce the ban.
[edit]Checkpoint Charlie today
Although the wall was opened in November 1989 and the checkpoint booth removed on June 22, 1990,[13]the checkpoint remained an official crossing for foreigners and diplomats until German reunificationduring October 1990 when the guard house was removed; it is now on display in the open-air museum of the Allied Museum in Berlin-Zehlendorf.[14] The course of the former wall and border is now marked in the street with a line of cobblestones. A copy of the guard house and sign that once marked the border crossing was later built where Checkpoint Charlie once was. It resembles the first guard house erected during 1961, behind a sandbag barrier towards the border. Over the years it was replaced several times by guard houses of different sizes and layouts (see photographs). The one removed during 1990 was considerably larger than the first one and did not have sandbags.
Near the location of the guard house is the Haus am Checkpoint Charlie, a private museum opened in 1963 by Rainer Hildebrandt, which was augmented with a new building during the 1990s. The two Soldiers (one American and one Russian) represented at the Checkpoint Memorial were both stationed in Berlin during the early 1990s.
Developers demolished the East German checkpoint watchtower in 2000. The watchtower, which was the last surviving original Checkpoint Charlie structure, was demolished to make way for offices and shops. The city tried to save the tower but failed, as it was not classified as a historic landmark. As of August 2011, nothing has been built at this site and the original proposals for development have been terminated.
Checkpoint Charlie has become one of Berlin's primary tourist attractions. An open-air exhibit was opened during the summer of 2006. Gallery walls along the Friedrichstraße and the Zimmerstraße inform on escape attempts, how the checkpoint was expanded, and its significance during the Cold War, in particular the confrontation of Soviet and American tanks in 1961. An overview of other important memorial sites and museums on the division of Germany and the wall is presented as well. Tourists can have their photographs taken for a fee with actors dressed as allied military policemen standing in front of the guard house. Several souvenir stands with fake military items and stores proliferate as well.
[edit]Gallery
[edit]The Wall goes up
[edit]Fall of the Wall
[edit]The checkpoint since the fall of the Berlin Wall
[edit]In popular culture
- Britain's longest running "techno" club night, based near London, was called "Checkpoint Charlie"
- Steven Van Zandt (E Street band/Bruce Springsteen) has a song titled "Check Point Charlie"
- Mention of Checkpoint Charlie in the Elvis Costello song Oliver's Army
- Mention of Checkpoint Charlie in Series 3 Episode 3 of The Thick of It by characterGlenn Cullen
- British Leyland made a German television advert, featuring an Austin Maxi based on a true story of a couple who defected to the West at Checkpoint Charlie in the boot of a Maxi.
- Old CB terminology for a police checkpoint, placed to look for drunk drivers, etc.
- Checkpoint Charlie was the scene of numerous fictional spy swaps in such works as The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
- Checkpoint Charlie was the inspiration for the Call of Duty: Black Ops (First Strike map pack) map "Berlin Wall"
- British spy James Bond (played by Roger Moore) passed through Checkpoint Charlie in the 1983 film Octopussy from the West of Germany to the east.[15]
[edit]See also
[edit]Notes
- ^ Dowty 1989, p. 114
- ^ a b Dowty 1989, p. 121
- ^ a b Harrison 2003, p. 99
- ^ Maddrell, Paul (2006). Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961. Oxford University Press. pp. 56.
- ^ a b Dowty 1989, p. 122
- ^ Thackeray 2004, p. 188
- ^ a b Pearson 1998, p. 75
- ^ a b c Gedmin, Jeffrey. "The Dilemma of Legitimacy". The hidden hand: Gorbachev and the collapse of East Germany. AEI studies. 554. American Enterprise Institute. pp. 35. ISBN 0-8447-3794-1, 9780844737942.
- ^ a b Dowty 1989, p. 123
- ^ Dowty 1989, p. 124
- ^ Black et al. 2000, p. 141
- ^ Kempe, Frederick (2011). Berlin 1961. Penguin Group (USA). pp. 478–479. ISBN 0-399-15729-8.
- ^ "June 22, 1990: Checkpoint Charlie Closes". ABC News. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ "Allied Museum Berlin".
- ^ [1]
[edit]References
- Black, Cyril E.; English, Robert D.; Helmreich, Jonathan E.; McAdams, James A. (2000), Rebirth: A Political History of Europe since World War II, Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-3664-3
- Dowty, Alan (1989), Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-04498-4
- Dowty, Alan (1988), "The Assault on Freedom of Emigration", World Affairs 151 (2)
- Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-09678-3
- Pearson, Raymond (1998), The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire, Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-17407-1
- Thackeray, Frank W. (2004), Events that changed Germany, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-32814-5
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Checkpoint Charlie |
 External media | |
|---|---|
| Images | |
 | Tanks at 1961 checkpoint |
| Western Allies Berlin website images |
| Videos | |
 | Virtual e-Tour (Shockwave Player required) |
| The short film "Berlin Documentary (1961)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more] |
| The short film "U.S. Army In Berlin: Checkpoint Charlie (1962)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive[more] |
[edit]External links
- Haus am Checkpoint Charlie museum
- Berlin Wall history, by R. Langill
- National Security Archive interviews
- National Security Archive history
- Report claiming crisis began on 25 October. Sources give conflicting accounts of the dates when the tanks arrived at and left Checkpoint Charlie.
| |||
